Most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections occur in health care settings; therefore, it is important to know about antimicrobial susceptibility, and carriage of virulence genes in S. aureus isolates.The current study aimed at determining the prevalence of genes coding antimicrobial resistance, toxins, and adhesion factors among various ... read more

Invasive fungal infections without proper treatment could lead to high mortality rate, especially in immunocompromised patients. Candida species distribution and drug susceptibility patterns vary in different areas. Understanding the etiologic agents and drug susceptibility patterns in each region are required for the best management of patients with ... read more

The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a serious public health problem, with a mortality rate of approximately 20-25% among pregnant women. DNA vaccination was reported to induce humoral and cellular immune responses in murine models; however, a major problem of the strategy is its limited potency.In ... read more

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is able to induce fulminant hepatitis E infection in immunosuppressed individuals. Previous studies showed that the Baculovirus expression system (BES) could be used for developing hepatitis E virus-like particles (VLPs).In the present study, the formation of VLPs of the recombinant proteins of HEV ... read more

Acinetobacter baumannii has appeared as an important opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. The rising trend of antibiotic resistance amongst A. baumannii isolates has become a global concern. The most prevalent procedure of resistance is beta-lactamase and carbapenemases production with genes on mobile elements.The aim of the ... read more

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of Helicobacter pylori and initiate the innate immune response to infection. Toll-like receptors polymorphisms are thought to influence susceptibility to H. pylori infection and H. pylori-related diseases.To investigate the association of TLR polymorphisms with the susceptibility to H. pylori infection and various ... read more

The clinical result severity of Helicobacter pylori infection is determined by a combination of environmental factors, host genetic background, and H. pylori virulence factors. A number of genes containing vacA, iceA, babA2, cagA, cagE, hsp60-70, and hpa have been identified to enhance H. pylori pathogenicity by encoding ... read more

Acinetobacter is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen with intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antibiotics.This study aimed to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and antibiotic resistance patterns in A. baumannii isolated from clinical samples at Imam Reza hospital in Kermanshah, Iran, using phenotypic and genotypic methods.In ... read more

With the widespread use of cephalosporins, Enterobacter cloacae has become an increasingly important pathogen of nosocomial infections, which causes bacterial infectious diseases involving multiple organ systems. The presence of carbapenem-resistant strains has resulted in problems in the current clinical anti-infective treatment. The current study reports on four ... read more